THE PROBLEM

Harmful algal blooms are among the fastest-growing ecological crises worldwide, and a leading, yet unaddressed, source of methane emissions, which is a greenhouse gas with 80× the 25‑year global‑warming potential of CO₂. These blooms severely degrade water quality by spoiling drinking water, reducing oxygen and sunlight, and releasing toxins. Aquatic life suffers: fish and other organisms die en masse, creating dead zones.

Humans are also at risk. In Brittany, France, a jogger tragically died in 2016 after inhaling hydrogen sulfide emitted by rotting algal biomass on the shore; a court has since ruled the state responsible for failing to prevent such toxic algae accumulation.

Surfside, the consequences of unchecked blooms ripple through communities: tourism suffers, local economies tank, and beaches become hazardous zones. Until now, no permanent, eco-friendly solution has been able to halt bloom recurrence or mitigate their climate and public health impacts.

THE SCIENTIFIC INSIGHT

For decades, nutrient enrichment (notably phosphorus-P and nitrogen-N), along with light availability, warming temperatures, and stratification have been recognized as the core drivers of algal blooms. These “big four” determine the potential for biomass accumulation.

However, restoring water quality by reducing nutrient runoff is a systemic, multi-stakeholder effort, spanning agriculture, urban planning, wastewater management, and regulatory policy. Even with best practices, lakes remain vulnerable due to legacy phosphorus (P that has accumulated in soils and sediment over time).

A recent study shows that early-phase reductions in nutrient inputs may not yield immediate water quality improvements because legacy phosphorus in lake sediments can continue to fuel blooms for decades.

Therefore, while controlling nutrient inputs is vital for long-term ecological recovery, this slow-moving trajectory cannot deliver immediate relief to affected ecosystems or communities.

Recent research (Wu et al., 2024) and our own observations highlight that the final actuator for visible bloom expression is the hydrodynamic and biophysical state of the air–water surface layer. Below are the critical components:

1. Buoyancy Mechanism: Cyanobacteria generate gas vacuoles to rise and remain at the surface.

2. Surface Microlayer Stabilization: Cells secrete extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and surfactants, modifying surface tension and creating a sticky film that traps and stabilizes surface scum.

3. Hydrodynamic Influence: Wind or mixing disperses scum rapidly, but in calm conditions, buoyant colonies re-form on the surface within hours.

Hence, hydrodynamics and surface biophysics serve as the proximal control mechanism, determining whether and where blooms manifest visually, even when nutrient and temperature conditions are conducive.

STRATEGIC VALUE OF OUR METHOD

EcoResonance Institute proposes a complementary, near-term intervention that directly addresses the surface-layer mechanism of algal blooms, operating in parallel with longer-term watershed nutrient reduction strategies.

Unlike traditional biogeochemical approaches that take decades to show results, our method acts through hydrodynamics and biophysics, targeting the air–water interface where blooms manifest as surface scum.

By disrupting surface tension and breaking EPS cohesion, we destabilize scum and accelerate bloom removal—while broader nutrient remediation continues until legacy contamination is brought under control.

HOW IT WORKS

1. Disrupt surface microlayer → algal scum loses support.

2. Break EPS (extracellular polysaccharides) & reduce surface tension → colonies disaggregate and lose cohesion.

3. Loss of vacuole support at the surface → cells sink to the bottom.

4. Enhance oxygenation with nanobubbles → sinking biomass oxidized to CO₂ instead of CH₄, preventing greenhouse gas escalation.

OUR TECHNOLOGIES

At EcoResonance Institute, we work with innovators who developed eco-friendly technologies that directly targets the biophysics of the surface microlayer:

1. Aeration pumps – delivering air flux deep into the water column to promote aerobic conditions.

2. Nanobubbles – improving gas dissolution efficiency and stabilizing oxygen in bottom waters for long.

3. Bio-organic dispersants & catalysts – fully biodegradable and non-toxic agents that break down EPS polysaccharide chains, preventing scum cohesion and aggregation.

This integrated system does not add harmful chemicals or rely on mechanical harvesting.

WHY IT MATTERS

• Protects aquatic life – Prevents fish kills, invertebrate die-offs, and oxygen depletion caused by algal toxins and biomass decay. By restoring oxygen dynamics, it safeguards biodiversity and stabilizes food webs.

• Safeguards human health – Eliminates toxic scum accumulations that release hazardous gases (e.g., hydrogen sulfide, methane, cyanotoxins). Prevents tragedies such as those documented on French beaches, where decomposing algal mats caused fatal exposures.

• Fast and permanent scum removal – Unlike mere wind-driven mixing, our method prevents algae from reappearing at the surface, breaking the cycle of bloom reformation.

• Climate benefit through methane mitigation – Small ponds and lakes are hidden hotspots of methane (CH4) emissions, often overlooked in climate strategies. Restoring these ecosystems can significantly reduce greenhouse gas outputs, offering a powerful yet underused lever for climate mitigation. Redirects biomass decomposition toward aerobic oxidation (CO₂) instead of anaerobic methanogenesis (CH₄). Since methane has ~80× higher global warming potential (GWP) than CO₂ over 25 years, this shift significantly reduces the climate footprint of algal blooms.

• Eco-friendly and safe – Uses only biodegradable, non-toxic catalysts and natural biophysical processes. Avoids harmful chemicals, preserves water quality, and is compatible with ecosystems, aquaculture, and recreational use.

• Energy-efficient and innovative – Combines frequency-based surface tension control, ultrasonic sweeps, and nanobubbles to achieve maximum effect with minimal energy input.

• Scalable and versatile – Adaptable from small systems (zoo ponds, urban water features) to large lakes, reservoirs, and drinking water sources, making it applicable across diverse geographies and management needs.

TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL (TRL) AND NEXT STEPS

Our system has progressed beyond laboratory validation and has been successfully tested in a real zoo pond environment, demonstrating that algal scums can be permanently removed without reappearing. This places the project at TRL 5–6: prototype validated in a relevant environment.

Next Steps on the TRL Pathway

TRL 7 – Pilot Demonstration

• Deploy system in natural lakes and reservoirs (1–10 ha scale).

• Implement comprehensive monitoring (DO, CH₄/CO₂ fluxes, toxins, biodiversity, EPS/surface microlayer).

• Compare against untreated controls.

TRL 8 – Full System Qualification

• Certify all components and integrated system (ultrasonic, nanobubbles, dispersants).

• Conduct multi-site validation under different ecological and climatic conditions.

• Publish results in peer-reviewed outlets to secure regulatory recognition.

TRL 9 – Market Readiness

• Launch as a certified, eco-safe product/service for lake and reservoir managers worldwide.

• Integrate into climate mitigation strategies, linking methane reduction to carbon markets.

• Scale commercialization with municipalities, utilities, NGOs, and private sector partners.

By moving from TRL 5–6 to TRL 9, we will transform a proven prototype into a market-ready solution for algal bloom removal, biodiversity protection, and methane mitigation.

BUDGET OF HIGH-RESOLUTION MONITORING & VERIFICATION

To ensure robust, transparent data for scientific credibility, regulatory acceptance, and investor confidence:

• Multiparameter water quality probe for online in-situ monitoring of DO, pH, redox potential/Eh, chlorophyll-a, turbidity, DOC) – ~€30,000.

• Gas flux analyzer for surface CO₂ and CH₄ exchange (eddy covariance or floating chambers with IR analyzer) – ~€30,000.

• Portable bubble pressure tensiometer for surface tension and surfactant activity – ~€10,000.

• Remote sensing support (drones with multispectral sensors for algal bloom mapping, area coverage, turbidity index) – ~€15,000.

• Data management & telemetry system (cloud storage, dashboard, automated reporting) – ~€10,000.

COMMERCIALIZATION & MARKET ENTRY

• Develop demonstration projects with municipalities and environmental agencies.

• Build case studies with quantified ecological and climate benefits (e.g., CH₄ avoided, biodiversity restored).

• Develop marketing materials and outreach campaigns for water utilities, environmental NGOs, climate investors.

• Prepare carbon credit methodology support package, linking methane mitigation to climate markets.

RESEARCH & INNOVATION ADD-ONS

• Controlled studies on oxidation pathways of sunken biomass (ratio CO₂ vs CH₄).

• Collaboration with universities for mechanistic studies (EPS breakdown, vacuole collapse, microlayer physics).

• Explore potential integration with existing lake aeration or circulation systems.

• Development of a new protocol for carbon credits.

BUDGET & FUNDING NEEDS: estimate, initial 12–18 months

• Monitoring & equipment: €85,000

• Certification & compliance: €50,000

• Product development & demos: €100,000

• Marketing & commercialization: €50,000

• Total (Phase I pilot deployment): €285,000

CALL TO ACTION

EcoResonance Institute seeks donations and angel investment to expand pilot deployments of this system. By supporting us, you help pioneer a new environmental biotechnology that:

• Restores lake ecosystems,

• Protects biodiversity and public health,

• Reduces methane emissions from eutrophic waters.

Together we can turn the tide against harmful algal blooms.

REFERENCES

• Wu, X., Li, J., Zhu, W., Yang, X., Huang, Y., Chen, Y., … Chen, L. (2024). Dynamics of Microcystis surface scum formation under different wind conditions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 15, 1370874. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1370874

• Dolph, C. L., Finlay, J. C., Dalzell, B., and Feyereisen, G. W.: Phosphorus transport in a hotter and drier climate: in-channel release of legacy phosphorus during summer low-flow conditions, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 28, 5249–5294, https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-28-5249-2024, 2024.

THE PROBLEM

Oil and fuel spills are among the most widespread and damaging environmental pollutants. They contaminate oceans, rivers, lakes, soils, and coastlines, killing wildlife, harming human health, and disrupting local economies.

Traditional cleanup methods face critical limitations:

• Mechanical containment (booms, skimmers, soil removal) is costly and often impractical in remote or large-scale spills.

• Chemical dispersants (e.g., Corexit) can reduce slicks but are themselves toxic, leaving long-term residues.

• Bioremediation with live microbes is slow and ineffective in cold or saline conditions, where natural degradation drops by 60–70%.

With oil and petroleum products accounting for the most common pollutants worldwide, new approaches are needed that combine speed, efficiency, safety, and ecological compatibility

THE SCIENTIFIC INSIGHT

The Nano-Organic Resonator integrates three mechanisms of action into a single system:

1. Physicochemical dispersion — Nonionic surfactant alcohols emulsify hydrocarbons, reducing surface tension (~29 mN/m at low doses) and enabling rapid breakup of slicks.

2. Nanoresonance activation — The HippoResonator® and Nano-Bubble valve generate ultra-fine bubbles and apply non-ionizing resonance frequencies. This creates localized advanced oxidation, oxygenates the water, reduces VOC evaporation, and accelerates catalytic activity.

3. Biocatalytic stimulation — Yeast-derived bio-organic extracts (amino acids, peptides) act as adaptogens, stimulating autochthonous oil-degrading microbes by up to 143× in 24 hours, while not promoting pathogens such as E. coli.

This hybrid approach provides both immediate removal of hydrocarbons (oxidation, emulsification) and long-term ecological recovery (biostimulation, biodegradation).

STRATEGIC VALUE OF OUR METHOD

• Non-toxic alternative to Corexit and other chemical dispersants (LC50 >200 mg/L vs ~10 mg/L).

• Hybrid mechanism ensures both instant response and sustained bioremediation.

• Boosts native oil-degrading bacteria.

• Works in extreme conditions: effective down to +2 °C and in high-salinity seawater.

• Versatile applications: marine spills, industrial effluents, landfills, animal rescue, soil remediation.

• Regulatory recognition: BioCatalytic Dispersant & Catalyst is already EPA-registered (Surface Washing Agent SW-65), and OECD biodegradability tested.

HOW IT WORKS

1. Hybrid mechanism: Dispersion + oxidation + bioremediation

2. Application via sprayers, drones, boats, or aircraft onto oil slicks or contaminated sites (125–150 bar).

3. Nanoresonance & nanobubbles generate cavitation and oxidative radicals, breaking hydrocarbon chains.

4. Surfactant alcohols emulsify oil, lowering viscosity and increasing bioavailability.

5. Yeast-based biocatalyst accelerates microbial degradation of hydrocarbons, asphaltenes, and phenols.

6. Complete remediation results in safe water, restored soils, and reduced odors within days.

CASE STUDIES & EVIDENCE

• Aviation fuel in soils (USAF base, 5,950 mg/kg JP-7): 90% degradation in 28 days.

• Vasconia crude oil + seawater: 82% removal with aeration vs 20% in control.

• LPG tank cleaning: 99% hydrocarbon reduction; phenols down 94%.

• Landfill leachates (Colombia): BOD reduced 79%, COD 68%, suspended solids 85% in 15 days; odors and pathogens reduced 60%.

• Animal rescue: Safe cleaning of bird feathers and mammal skin at 2% solution, no toxicity.

• TPH reduction: 81.5% in 8 days.

• Phenols reduction: 94%.

• Odor elimination: 1–3 days.

• Pathogen safety: Stimulates oil degraders, not pathogens.

WHY IT MATTERS

• Wildlife protection: Safely cleans oil from bird feathers and animal skin without toxicity.

• Public health: Reduces hazardous VOCs and odors within hours to days.

• Climate resilience: Works in cold seas and extreme conditions where traditional methods fail.

• Ecosystem recovery: Stimulates natural microbial communities for lasting bioremediation.

• Economic savings: Cuts cleanup costs by ~50% and time by ~4× compared to traditional methods.

• Current TRL: 5–6 — Individual components (aeration pumps, nanobubble generators, bio-organic dispersants) have been validated in real environments for water treatment, aquaculture, and remediation. The integrated system is not yet fully validated together.

• TRL 7 (near term): Assemble full integrated system and run controlled pilots in small lakes and reservoirs (1–10 ha). Deploy comprehensive monitoring (DO, pH, redox, chlorophyll-a, CH₄/CO₂ fluxes) to validate efficacy across ecological conditions.

• TRL 8: Demonstrate the technology in multi-site validation campaigns under varied climates and bloom types (urban ponds, eutrophic reservoirs, drinking water catchments). Obtain certifications for system safety, biodegradability, and eco-compliance (EU CE mark, ISO standards). Publish peer-reviewed results to secure regulatory and scientific credibility.

• TRL 9 (market): Full-scale deployment as a certified, eco-safe product for algal bloom control and methane mitigation. Target applications include municipal lakes, reservoirs, drinking water protection zones, aquaculture ponds, and wetland restoration projects. Commercial roll-out through partnerships with water utilities, municipalities, NGOs, and climate investors.

BUDGET FOR MRV (MONITORING, REPORTING & VERIFICATION)

To ensure robust, transparent data for scientific credibility, regulatory acceptance, and investor confidence.

Instrumentation for pilots (~€60,000):

• Multiparameter water probe (DO, pH, ORP, salinity, turbidity, temp) — €35,000

• GC-FID/HPLC analysis (portable or lab-based contract service for hydrocarbons, PAHs, phenols) — €20,000

• Field vehicle/boat rental, drone flights for aerial mapping — €15,000

• Field technicians (2 FTE-equivalent for 6 months) — €18,000

• Analytical chemist/microbiologist (0.5 FTE, 6 months) — €12,000

• Data analyst for QA/QC and reporting (0.3 FTE, 6 months) — €10,000

COMMERCIALIZATION & MARKET ENTRY

• Target customers: Oil & gas companies, ports, shipping operators, environmental agencies, emergency responders.

• Procurement model: Pre-deployed spill kits in ports and on vessels; municipal tenders for wastewater and landfill use.

• Competitive edge: First hybrid dispersant + resonator system, with US EPA registration and international patents.

RESEARCH & INNOVATION ADD-ONS

• Integrate with drone-based autonomous spraying for rapid response.

• LCA comparing Nano-Organic Resonator vs Corexit & mechanical cleanup.

• Long-term ecological monitoring in cold marine environments.

• Published methodology aligned with emerging standards for hybrid remediation technologies.

• Development of a new protocol for carbon credits.

BUDGET & FUNDING NEEDS: 18 months

• Monitoring equipment & pilot MRV: €70,000

• Certifications & regulatory approvals: €40,000

• Product engineering & scale-up: €120,000

• Market demonstration projects: €70,000

• Total Phase I–II: €300,000

CALL TO ACTION

The Nano-Organic Resonator represents a breakthrough in oil & fuel remediation: fast, safe, and eco-compatible. It replaces toxic dispersants with a hybrid, nature-supporting technology proven to work in extreme environments.

We invite partners, funders, and regulators to support pilot deployments, accelerate certification, and help scale this solution globally to protect our waters, coasts, and communities from petroleum pollution.

REFERENCES

• Markelova, E. I., & Esipova, O. V. (2025). Decomposition of petroleum products in emergency oil spills: Application of the biocatalytic dispersant Nontox. Samara National Research Univ. & Water Problems Institute RAS.

• Teran-Cuadrado, C., Ortega-Vega, J., Alves-de-Brito, D., & Quiñones-Murillo, M. (2021). Efficiency of a bio-catalytic agent for oil-contaminated seawater. Heliyon, 7(4), e06926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06926

THE PROBLEM

Pathogenic contamination of water remains one of the most severe risks to public health and ecosystems. Waterborne diseases caused by E. coli, coliform bacteria, viruses, and parasites affect billions annually, leading to chronic illness, outbreaks, and mortality.

Current disinfection relies heavily on chemical oxidants (chlorine, ozone, peroxides) that are energy- and reagent-intensive. They leave harmful disinfection by-products (e.g., trihalomethanes, chlorates) and create ecological burdens. For many decentralized or mobile applications (rural communities, hospitals, wastewater hot spots), chemical logistics and safety risks make chlorine-based approaches impractical.

There is an urgent need for sustainable, chemical-free disinfection technologies that can achieve the same or better microbial control while avoiding harmful residues and minimizing energy use.

THE SCIENTIFIC INSIGHT

Liquids are incompressible, but they transmit acoustic energy with high efficiency. Biological structures—cell membranes, protein complexes, viral envelopes—have specific resonance frequencies. When exposed to broad-spectrum ultrasonic harmonics, these structures destabilize, leading to microbial inactivation. 

The Harmonic Wave Resonator (developed by NanoResonance Industries) leverages this principle with three synergistic mechanisms:

1. Mechanical disruption: Oscillating silver rods within a permanent magnetic field sweep across a wide frequency band, generating harmonics and combination frequencies that induce implosive and explosive stress on microbial membranes.

2. Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): Ultrasonic cavitation generates hydroxyl radicals (•OH), among the strongest oxidants known, which degrade organic matter and inactivate pathogens.

3. Nanobubbles: Infused into the liquid, nanobubbles increase surface area for cavitation, extend radical lifetime, and improve contact with microbial cells.

Together, these effects achieve broad-spectrum disinfection without added chemicals.

STRATEGIC VALUE OF OUR METHOD

• Non-chemical & residue-free: No chlorine, ozone, or other reagents required.

• Dual-action disinfection: Mechanical + oxidative → higher robustness against resistant pathogens.

• Energy efficiency: Comparable to a household refrigerator (6–8 A).

• Economi benefits: No consumable reagents, oow power, silver rods replaced every 4–6 months

• Scalability: Proven effective at lab, mobile, and industrial scales.

• Eco-safety: No toxic by-products; water is safe for aquatic discharge.

HOW IT WORKS

1. Silver rods oscillate in a semiconductor-driven permanent magnetic field.

2. Frequency sweeping produces a spectrum of harmonics & combination frequencies.

3. Ultrasonic cavitation induces nanobubble implosions → microbial cell rupture.

4. Hydroxyl radicals form, oxidizing pathogens and organic pollutants.

5. Water emerges disinfected, meeting drinking water or discharge standards.

CASE STUDIES & EVIDENCE

These cases show scalability across three very different contamination profiles: potable water, industrial effluents, and raw sewage.

CASE #1. Drinking Water – From Dangerous to Potable

• Raw water contained 2,400 CFU/mL of coliforms, turbidity of 1,500 NTU, and 97.3 mg/L of chlorides—levels that make it unsafe for consumption.

• After 50 minutes of treatment, coliforms were reduced to 2 CFU/mL, achieving 99.92% removal efficiency.

• Turbidity dropped by 99.67%, restoring visual clarity.

• Chlorides decreased to 0.6 mg/L, a 99.94% reduction.

• Results: Demonstrated that even moderately contaminated raw water can be brought to potable standards without any chlorine or chemical additives.

CASE #2. Slaughterhouse Wastewater – Industrial Hotspot

• This wastewater stream was heavily loaded with organic matter, blood proteins, fats, and pathogens: 286.6 mg/L total nitrogen, 26.4 mg/L phosphorus, 138.7 mg/L fats & oils, 2,820 mg/L BOD, and 14,000 fecal coliforms per 100 mL, plus helminth eggs.

• After treatment, nitrogen fell to 17.8 mg/L, phosphorus to 2 mg/L, fats & oils to 2.5 mg/L, and BOD to 13.2 mg/L.

• Coliforms dropped by 99%, and helminth eggs were completely removed (100%).

• Results: Showed that the Harmonic Wave Resonator can handle highly complex, pathogen-rich industrial effluents and still achieve safe discharge compliance in a single step.

CASE #3. Municipal Sewage – Extreme Stress Test

• Raw municipal influent exceeded regulatory standards by 93,000 times, containing 93 million coliforms per 100 mL, 309 mg/L BOD, 433 mg/L suspended solids, and nearly 40 mg/L nitrogen.

• After treatment, coliforms dropped to 4,600 per 100 mL—a 99.99995% reduction.

• BOD decreased to 30 mg/L and suspended solids to 28 mg/L, both within discharge norms.

• Nitrogen reduced by over 93%, while ammonia fell from 37.5 to 0.5 mg/L.

• Results: Even under extreme microbial pressure, the system proved its robustness, turning essentially a pathogenic soup into water suitable for regulated discharge.

WHY IT MATTERS

• Aquatic life: Eliminates pathogen loads before discharge, reducing ecosystem stress.

• Public health: Water reuse even from sewage contaminated with 93 million NMP/100 mL coliforms.

• Climate impact: Avoids chlorine production and transport emissions; prevents greenhouse by-products.

• Sustainability: Minimal OPEX, only small consumables, energy-efficient operation.

TECHNOLOGY READINESS LEVEL (TRL) AND NEXT STEPS

Current TRL: 7–8

• Mobile pilot units deployed at drinking water, slaughterhouse, and sewage sites at 1 LPS.

Next steps: TRL 8–9

• Controlled pilot demonstrations under varied source waters (urban, rural, brackish).

• Certification for drinking water and wastewater standards (EU, WHO, EPA).

• Long-duration validation of silver rod life cycle and AOP by-product analysis.

• Scale-up to continuous high-flow installations (10–100 LPS).

BUDGET FOR MRV (MONITORING, REPORTING & VERIFICATION)

To ensure robust, transparent data for scientific credibility, regulatory acceptance, and investor confidence:

Instrumentation for pilots (~€60,000):

• Multiprobe sonde: DO, pH, ORP, conductivity, turbidity.

• Flow cytometry / portable qPCR for microbial load.

• TOC/DOC analyzer for organic contaminants.

• Gas analyzer for hydroxyl radical proxies and cavitation efficacy.

• Telemetry-enabled logging.

COMMERCIALIZATION & MARKET ENTRY

• Primary customers: Municipal utilities, decentralized water suppliers, food industry, hospitals.

• Procurement route: Pilot → certification → tenders.

• Go-to-market: Case studies in critical regions (Latin America, South Asia, EU rural water).

• Positioning: First mover in non-chemical, portable, resonance-based disinfection.

RESEARCH & INNOVATION ADD-ONS

• Optimization of harmonic frequency bands for specific pathogens.

• Integration with solar PV for off-grid applications.

• Comparative LCA vs. chlorine/ozone systems.

• Long-term ecological studies of downstream impacts.

• Development of a new protocol for carbon credits.

BUDGET & FUNDING NEEDS: estimate, initial 12–18 months

• Monitoring equipment: €60,000

• Certification & compliance: €40,000

• Product engineering & industrial scale-up: €100,000

• Marketing & commercialization: €50,000

• Total Phase I–II: €250,000

CALL TO ACTION

EcoResonance Institute seeks donations and angel investment to expand the deployment of this system. The Harmonic Wave Resonator is a breakthrough in pathogen disinfection: robust, eco-safe, and cost-efficient. It delivers chemical-free water safety at all scales: from villages to industrial plants. We invite partners, funders, and regulators to join us in scaling this technology globally to secure clean water access and eliminate dependence on chlorine.

REFERENCES

• Matafonova G, Batoev V. Dual-frequency ultrasound: Strengths and shortcomings to water treatment and disinfection. Water Res. 2020 Sep 1;182:116016. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116016. Epub 2020 Jun 8. PMID: 32619682.

• Hallez, L., Lee, J., Touyeras, F., Nevers, A., Ashokkumar, M., & Hihn, J.-Y. (2016). Enhancement and quenching of high-intensity focused ultrasound cavitation activity via short frequency sweep gaps. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 29, 194–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2015.09.019